ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

to worldwide entomologists and friends for their contribution, assistance, advice, corrections, encouragement etc.

My sincere thanks to Dr Dieter Beiten,  Alexei Belik, Gerd Bentz, Larry D Beutler, Anton Biryukov, Roger Bovaere, Frédéric Carbonell, Moltýkár Castelpul, Sergei Churkin, Simon Coombes, Oskar Dorfmann (†), Alfonso Corraleño, Franco Crespi, Hans Degler (†), Jean Pierre Dhondt, Jostein B. Engdahl, Vernon Evans,  Otto Feldner, Teocados G Felí,  Robert Goodden, Marc Grinnell, Jan Hadac, Jean Hanus, Sune Hauch, Dr Peter Henkele, Earl Hooke (†),  Akira Hoshino, Martin Jagelka, Stanislav Korb, Oleg Kosterin, Maxim Markhasiov,  Dr Gerhard Merk, Masamitsu Mori, Kuniomi Matsumoto, Lennart Medquist, Kunio Mise, Uberto Nardelli,  Robert Nash, Tomio Nemoto,  Jacques Nieszporek, Dr Paul A Opler, Dr Ilya Osipov, Jorge Paclawsky, Vladimir Paulus, Tero Piirainen, Manuel del Pino, Juhani Pitkänen, Dr Ather Rafi, Auro Rambelli, John Reichel (†),  Oz Rittner, Dr Giovanni Sala, Jouko Salmela,  Markku Savela,  Dick Schoenberger, Dr Adolf Schulte (†), Dr Karl Segl,  Göran Sjöberg,  Jan V. Slama, Dmitriy Sobanin, Benoit Soyez, Ralph Sturm, Prof. Andrew V. Timshenko, Stephan R Treadway, Jaroslav A. Vanek (†), Robert R Westphal, Pierre Willien, Cheng Xing,  Roman Yakovlev, Dr Nathalie Yonow and Milan Zubrik for their contribution to my website.       If you can contribute to make my Parnassius website more complete or you have any other comments, please Email me. This site will take some time to download.  Still I hope it is worth seeing. Welcome to watch the pages!  (To prevent commercial netfishing the @ sign in Email addresses is substituted with %20at%20)

INTRODUCTION  TO PARNASSIUS

"The snow butterflies of the mountains"

Linnaeus named the Papilionidae butterflies the Knights.  The Knights he divided into two parts, in Latin:  Equites Troes and Equites Achivi (Trojan Knights and Greek Knights). This division no longer is actual but the Papilionidae name as well as Knights are still accepted for this order of Rhopalocera (day flying) butterflies.      Parnassius butterflies belong to a family within the Papilionidae.       Two species of the Parnassius butterfly family were named by Linnaeus in Systema Naturae, 1758, namely  Parnassius apollo and Parnassius mnemosyne. The first of these he encountered on the island of Gotland, Sweden, in 1741 and the second, Parnassius mnemosyne was later described from Finland.      Linnaeus did not include apollo and mnemosyne in the order of Greek or Trojan Knights: in this he was mistaken. Later the Parnassius species were found to be an order of the Knights.         The  IUCN Red Data Book (1985) lists  in total 573 species of Papilionidae.        The Parnassius family included in 1985  53 species, but some still have a doubtful species status and new species have also been discovered, mostly in mountainous areas of Central Asia. The latest species of Parnassius to be described was discovered in Kirghizia in 2005.        I would like to display my work mainly in two parts.  One will show the extension of distribution of the species Parnassius apollo into most of Scandinavia, and the second will provide information about all Parnassius species found.    A number of entomologists and naturalists will be presented, starting with Linnaeus himself and his disciples.  Also development and change of Entomology and Natural Science from Aristotle until our days will be discussed. Unfortunately some pages are available in Swedish only.

MY LINKS

Parnassius species of the world     Parnassius apollo of Scandinavia    Parnassius apollo pics   Parnassius of North America  Entomologists and naturalists  Books by Sten Nord/Böcker av Sten Nord  Virserum map   Christers Bilmekk  Fyra S     Old Virserum photographs  Internet Worldmap  Papilionidae of Pakistan  Waldeck oil painting samples   Isla Margarita february 2006   Photo gallery 2004   Photo gallery 2005  Photo gallery 2006   Photo gallery 2007   Photo gallery 2008    Photo gallery 2009

OTHER LINKS

Important facta on phylogeny and identification of Parnassiinae at Wikipedia    Entomological Associations  Entomologiska föreningen i Uppland  Östgötaentomologerna  Birdwings of the World  The Lepidopterists Society  Colour Atlas of the Siberian Lepidoptera  Laurent's Butterfly & Moth collection  Dmitriy  Sobanin's Homepage, Insect Supplies  Delias of the World  Ilya Osipov´s Russian Butterflies  The Entomological Society of  South-East Sweden    IFTA - Papua New Guinea  Finnish informative site on Parnassius  Excellent butterfly database  Bulgarian site about Carolus Linnaeus   Local butterflies of the world - informative links   Captain´s European Butterfly Guide  Worldwide Butterflies  Museo Entomologico del Mundo  The Butterflies of Indo-China  Butterflies - on the wings of freedom  Japanese Butterfly Gallery  Insects and Lepidoptera  Entomological links   Trapper Arne's Homepage   Les Lépidoptéristes de France